Nicosia: The Last Divided Capital in the World

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By Maria

Nestled at the heart of the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, Nicosia holds the unique distinction of being the last divided capital city in the world. A testament to the island’s tumultuous history and political complexities, Nicosia offers visitors a fascinating glimpse into a city shaped by division and resilience. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the history, attractions, and ongoing reunification efforts that make Nicosia a captivating destination for travellers.

History of Nicosia’s Division

Ancient and medieval history of Nicosia
Founded more than 4,500 years ago, Nicosia’s rich history spans various civilizations, from the ancient Greeks and Romans to the Byzantine Empire and the Lusignan dynasty. The city’s strategic location and cultural heritage have shaped its evolution into the thriving capital of modern Cyprus.

The Cyprus conflict and Nicosia’s division
The root of Nicosia’s division can be traced back to the Cyprus conflict, a complex political struggle involving Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities, as well as the broader geopolitical interests of Greece, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Tensions culminated in 1974 when Turkey invaded Cyprus, resulting in the division of the island and its capital.

The Green Line and the UN Buffer Zone Today
Nicosia is divided by the Green Line, a demarcation line established in 1963 and subsequently expanded into a UN Buffer Zone after the 1974 conflict. The Buffer Zone, patrolled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, separates the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus in the south from the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Exploring North Nicosia

Crossing the border: procedures and requirements
Travellers can cross the border between North and South Nicosia via several pedestrian checkpoints. The most popular crossing is at Ledra Street, the city’s main shopping thoroughfare. Ensure you have your passport or EU ID card, as border officials may request to see them.

Must-visit attractions in North Nicosia
North Nicosia boasts a wealth of historical and cultural attractions, including the 13th-century Selimiye Mosque (formerly St. Sophia Cathedral), the medieval Venetian walls, and the Buyuk Han, a restored Ottoman-era caravanserai. Don’t miss the opportunity to explore the local markets and savour traditional Turkish Cypriot cuisine.

Local cuisine and dining experiences
In North Nicosia, indulge in mouth watering local dishes such as kebabs, pide (Turkish pizza), and baklava. Be sure to try halloumi, a traditional Cypriot cheese, and wash everything down with a refreshing glass of Turkish tea or coffee.

Discovering South Nicosia

Noteworthy attractions in South Nicosia
South Nicosia is home to a blend of historic sites and modern attractions. Explore the Cyprus Museum, which houses artefacts from the island’s long history, and the picturesque old city with its narrow streets and charming architecture. Don’t miss the Leventis Municipal Museum and the stunning Faneromeni Church.

Cultural experiences and museums
South Nicosia offers a variety of cultural experiences, from art galleries and theatres to museums showcasing the island’s history and heritage. The Leventis Municipal Museum, the Cyprus Museum, and the Byzantine Museum are must-visit spots for history enthusiasts.

Shopping and entertainment
South Nicosia is a shopper’s paradise, with bustling markets, stylish boutiques, and modern shopping centers. Ledra and Onasagorou Streets are popular shopping districts, offering everything from local handicrafts to international brands. For a lively nightlife scene, head to the bars and clubs around Makarios Avenue and Stasikratous Street.

The Green Line: A Walk Through History

Key points of interest along the Green Line
The Green Line offers a unique perspective on Nicosia’s history and division. Key points of interest include the abandoned Nicosia International Airport, the Ledra Palace Hotel, which now serves as UN headquarters, and the Home for Cooperation, a bi-communal cultural centre fostering dialogue between the two communities.

The Ledra Street crossing
Ledra Street is a symbol of Nicosia’s division and ongoing reunification efforts. The pedestrian crossing, opened in 2008, allows visitors to move freely between the north and south, serving as a poignant reminder of the city’s resilience and hope for a united future.

Art and graffiti along the Green Line
The Green Line is adorned with thought-provoking graffiti and street art, reflecting the sentiments and aspirations of Nicosia’s residents. Take time to explore these powerful expressions of hope, resistance, and the longing for peace.

Nicosia’s Ongoing Reunification Efforts

The role of the United Nations and international community
The United Nations plays a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in Cyprus, with peacekeeping forces monitoring the Buffer Zone and facilitating negotiations between the two communities. Additionally, international actors, including the European Union, continue to support reunification efforts and promote dialogue.

Recent developments and negotiations
Although reunification remains an elusive goal, negotiations and confidence-building measures have yielded some progress. The opening of additional border crossings and increased cooperation in areas such as water management and heritage preservation demonstrate the potential for collaboration and mutual understanding.

Local perspectives on reunification
The people of Nicosia hold diverse views on reunification, shaped by personal experiences and political allegiances. While many long for a united city, others are wary of the challenges and compromises that reunification may entail. Engaging in conversations with locals offers invaluable insight into these complex perspectives.

Practical Tips for Visiting Nicosia

Best time to visit
Nicosia is a year-round destination, with a Mediterranean climate offering hot summers and mild winters. However, spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) are particularly pleasant times to visit, with comfortable temperatures and fewer crowds.

Getting around the city
Nicosia is a walkable city, with most attractions located within the historic city center. Public buses are also available, and taxis are a convenient option for longer distances.

Accommodation options
Nicosia offers a wide range of accommodations to suit every budget, from luxury hotels and boutique guesthouses to budget hostels and vacation rentals.

Nicosia, the last divided capital in the world, offers a fascinating and unique travel experience, revealing a city shaped by its history and driven by the hope for a brighter, united future. By exploring both sides of the city and delving into its complex past, travellers can gain a deeper understanding of Nicosia’s enduring resilience and the ongoing efforts towards reunification. Plan your visit today and discover the captivating story of this remarkable city.

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